Las capas de la atmosfera

inglés

 

 

Capas de la atmósfera

La atmósfera de la Tierra es una capa compuesta por gases que rodea a todo el planeta. Es una zona de gases muy gruesa y amplia, que consta de 5 partes o capas con distinta composición y distintas funciones. Por ejemplo, el clima que nos afecta está en la capa denominada troposfera.

Estructura atmosférica

La atmósfera consiste en 5 capas principales en función de su temperatura, composición química, densidad y movimiento, pero también tiene otras regiones de características especiales. Esto indica que la atmósfera no es solamente una mezcla de gases suspendidos en lo alto del planeta, sino que se trata de una estructura compleja cuya constitución varía según la capa.

Image removed.

Troposfera

Es la capa más baja y abarca la superficie terrestre hasta una altura media de 12 kilómetros; unos 17 kilómetros en las regiones ecuatoriales y cerca de 9 kilómetros en polos. En los trópicos puede tener una altitud de hasta 20 kilómetros. Contiene aproximadamente cuatro quintas partes del aire del planeta, y es en ella donde se produce el clima que afecta a los seres vivos, incluyendo los fenómenos atmosféricos. En la tropósfera se produce el clima que afecta a los seres vivos, incluyendo los fenómenos atmosféricos.

La temperatura del aire en la troposfera disminuye en tanto aumenta la altitud. ¿Por qué? La razón es que el sol calienta la superficie terrestre y esta calienta la parte inferior de la troposfera. De manera similar, la cantidad de vapor de agua suele disminuir a mayor altura y es mayor cerca de la superficie. La región limítrofe de la troposfera que la separa de la estratosfera, se llama tropopausa. Ahí la temperatura no experimenta variaciones con la altura.

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Estratosfera

Separada de la troposfera por la tropopausa, se encuentra esta capa que contiene un 19% de los gases atmosféricos, pero muy poca cantidad de vapor de agua. Su altura, del mismo modo que en el caso de la troposfera, varía según la región de la superficie terrestre. Normalmente, se encuentra entre los 10-13 y los 50 kilómetros de altitud, pero en los polos comienza a partir de los 8 kilómetros mientras que en zonas cercanas al ecuador inicia a una altura de 18 kilómetros. Su temperatura es más caliente que la de la troposfera debido a que la capa de ozono absorbe un 97-99 por ciento de la luz ultravioleta del Sol. La capa de ozono es una región de la estratósfera que bloquea los rayos solares e impide que lleguen a los seres vivos en su forma dañina. A pesar de su calor, en su base presenta una temperatura sumamente fría, de hasta -80 grados centígrados.

Mesosfera

Se ubica encima de la estratosfera hasta una altura de 80-85 kilómetros en las latitudes medias, donde se encuentra la mesopausa. Esta constituye el límite entre la mesosfera y la termosfera. Los gases de la mesosfera son los responsables de frenar meteoritos y otros fragmentos antes de que impacten contra la superficie terrestre.

La temperatura en esta capa desciende nuevamente hasta casi alcanzar los -120 a -143 grados centígrados en su parte superior. Los gruesos gases de la mesosfera son los responsables de frenar los meteoritos y otros fragmentos de cuerpos celestes antes de que impacten contra la superficie terrestre. Lo que ocurre es que justo en la mesosfera se reduce la velocidad de los meteoritos y acaban quemándose.

Termosfera

Desde el límite superior de la mesopausa se extiende la termosfera, conocida como atmósfera superior. Se extiende hasta los 500-1,000 kilómetros, y a unos 80-550 kilómetros de la superficie terrestre se localiza la ionosfera, una delgada región conductora de electricidad puesto que se encuentra siempre ionizada, es decir, sus electrones y átomos están cargados eléctricamente debido a la radiación ultravioleta del Sol.

La termosfera presenta temperaturas que aumentan con la altitud, como consecuencia de la absorción de una elevada radiación solar. Solo en la termosfera es posible una temperatura de hasta 2,000 grados centígrados en su parte superior. No obstante, para un ser humano la sensación no es tan caliente, ya que el número de moléculas contenido no es alto como para provocar el calentamiento del cuerpo. Es en esta capa donde se producen las auroras boreales, vistas por lo regular en las regiones polares. Aquí también es el sitio donde transcurre el tiempo para los astronautas que orbitan la Tierra en un transbordador espacial o en una estación espacial.

Image removed.

Exosfera

Es la última capa, la más externa hasta conectarse con el viento solar. Comprende el área desde la parte superior de la termosfera hasta unos 10,000 kilómetros de altura hasta perderse en el vacío del espacio interplanetario.

Si deseas leer más artículos parecidos a Capas de la atmósfera, te recomendamos que entres en nuestra categoría de Otros La Tierra.

SELECCIONE LA RESPUESTA  CORRECTA

1.Protege a la Tierra de los dañinos rayos del Sol.

EXOSFERA

TERMOSFERA

MESOSFERA

ESTRATOSFERA

2. ¿En qué capa de la atmósfera se forman las estrellas fugaces?

EXOSFERA

TERMOSFERA

MESOSFERA

ESTRATOSFERA

 

La capa que limita con el espacio interestelar es la...

EXOSFERA

TERMOSFERA

MESOSFERA

ESTRATOSFERA

3.La capa de ozono se encuentra en la...

EXOSFERA

TERMOSFERA

MESOSFERA

ESTRATOSFERA

4.La capa con la más alta temperatura es la...

EXOSFERA

TROPOSFERA

TERMOSFERA

ESTRATOSFERA

5.En la troposfera se producen todos los....

FENÓMENOS METEOROLÓGICOS

GASES IONIZADOS

GASES IONIZADO

GASES ATMOSFÉRICOS

6.Es la capa más fría de la atmósfera

GASES IONIZADOS

GASES IONIZADOS

GASES ATMOSFÉRICOS

MESOSFERA

               

7.La capa de la tierra donde se producen los fenómenos meteorológicos es

EXOSFERA

TROPOSFERA

TERMOSFERA

ESTRATOSFERA

 

 

 

 

Hello - Adele

English

[Verse 1]
Hello, it's me
I was __________ if, after all these years, you'd like to meet
To __ ____ everything
They say that time's __________ to heal ya
But I _____ done much healin'
Hello, can you hear me?
I'm in California ________ about who we used to be
When we _____ younger and free
I've _________ how it felt before the world ____ at our feet

[Pre-Chorus]
There's such a difference between us
And a million ______

[Chorus]
Hello from the other side
I _______ ______ a thousand times
To tell you I'm sorry for everything that I've _____
But when I call, you never _____ to be home
Hello from the outside
At ______, I can say that I've tried
To tell you I'm sorry for breaking your _____
But it _____ matter, it clearly doesn't _____ you _____ anymore

[Verse 2]
Hello, how are you?
It's so _______ of me to talk about myself, I'm sorry
I hope that you're well
Did you ever make it out of that town
Where nothing ever __________?

 

[Pre-Chorus]
It's no secret that the _____ of us
Are ________ ____ of time

[Chorus]
Hello from the other side
I _______ ______ a thousand times
To tell you I'm sorry for everything that I've _____
But when I call, you never _____ to be home
Hello from the outside
At ______, I can say that I've tried
To tell you I'm sorry for breaking your _____
But it _____ matter, it clearly doesn't _____ you _____ anymore

[Bridge]
(Highs, highs, highs, highs, lows, lows, lows, lows) Ooh, anymore
(Highs, highs, highs, highs, lows, lows, lows, lows) Ooh, anymore
(Highs, highs, highs, highs, lows, lows, lows, lows) Ooh, anymore
(Highs, highs, highs, highs, lows, lows, lows, lows) Anymore

[Chorus]
Hello from the other side
I _______ ______ a thousand times
To tell you I'm sorry for everything that I've _____
But when I call, you never _____ to be home
Hello from the outside
At ______, I can say that I've tried
To tell you I'm sorry for breaking your _____
But it _____ matter, it clearly doesn't _____ you _____ anymore

The Legend of Lau Kawar Lake

English Subject

The Legend of Lau Kawar Lake

At that time, people believe that harvest season has arrived in Kawar village. The entire citizen was happy with the rice crops; like the Kawar village chief who definitely delighted since he had a very wide field. As the expression of gratitude to God, the Kawar Village chief held a Guro-Guro Aron Drum party in his field for four days and four nights. The entire citizen was invited to that extraordinary party.

Because the invitation was sent by the village chief no one dare to refuse the invitation except an old woman, the mother of the village chief. This woman was alone in the house, while all of her children and grandchildren went to the party. Continuously some faint drum voices from time to time could be heard from her bed. Around midday the danced was stopped for lunch break. The village chief and the whole villagers were having luxurious and abundant lunch. Beef and goat as well as pig and chicken were served in the meals; everyone was full, satisfied and happy. But this was just the first day.

After resting for a moment, the dancing and singing was continued came guided by the village chief's child. Strangely while dancing in the afternoon the village chief called his small child, apparently he remembered his mother who was left was alone and hungry at home. Rice with decent side dishes was prepared. The small child was told to deliver it to his grandmother house. However unfortunate fate once again fell on the grandmother, he forgot to delivered the lunch in time, even food he should be delivering was opened by him in the middle of the road and all beef, goat, chicken, and pig was eaten until only the bones left and then the grandchild packed the bone into the original parcel.

Although the lunch was arrived very late on the afternoon but the grandmother still smile to her grandchild who came to bring the lunch. After delivering the lunch, the grandchild then returns the field immediately. Thus the old woman with great difficulty got up from the bed to eat. But when the parcel in opened the grandmother startled because there are only bones in it. For a long time the baffled grandmother gazed at the parcel, did not realize his tear fell wetted his wrinkled cheek. Indeed the grandmother's fate was poor. The child whom she raised into a respected village chief has forgotten his mother. The grandmother's conscience was very sad, disappointed and angry. She cried, and swore "I who give birth and raised you, till you have the respected position evidently you could not respect your own parents, this mother's milk as the witness my child, for that is swore” her tears continued to fell on her cheek. Not long afterwards the words of this unfortunate grandmother was granted, dark dew began to close the sky, as the day got dark. Lightning and the thunder swarmed continuously. The whole citizen who was celebrating the party began to panic; moreover the rain began to pour down rapidly.

The party was ended instantly; the entire citizen ran looking for a sheltering place. But the rain does not care, the rain continuously poured down for seven day and seven the night, then suddenly a flood happened. Kawar village that located precisely under Sinabung Mountain Foot was sunk. Nothing could be saved. Kawar village then became a lake, which today known as the Lau Kawar Lake

The Legend of Lau Kawar Lake

At that time, people believe that harvest season has arrived in Kawar village. The entire citizen was happy with the rice crops; like the Kawar village chief who definitely delighted since he had a very wide field. As the expression of gratitude to God, the Kawar Village chief held a Guro-Guro Aron Drum party in his field for four days and four nights. The entire citizen was invited to that extraordinary party.

Because the invitation was sent by the village chief no one dare to refuse the invitation except an old woman, the mother of the village chief. This woman was alone in the house, while all of her children and grandchildren went to the party. Continuously some faint drum voices from time to time could be heard from her bed. Around midday the danced was stopped for lunch break. The village chief and the whole villagers were having luxurious and abundant lunch. Beef and goat as well as pig and chicken were served in the meals; everyone was full, satisfied and happy. But this was just the first day.

After resting for a moment, the dancing and singing was continued came guided by the village chief's child. Strangely while dancing in the afternoon the village chief called his small child, apparently he remembered his mother who was left was alone and hungry at home. Rice with decent side dishes was prepared. The small child was told to deliver it to his grandmother house. However unfortunate fate once again fell on the grandmother, he forgot to delivered the lunch in time, even food he should be delivering was opened by him in the middle of the road and all beef, goat, chicken, and pig was eaten until only the bones left and then the grandchild packed the bone into the original parcel.

Although the lunch was arrived very late on the afternoon but the grandmother still smile to her grandchild who came to bring the lunch. After delivering the lunch, the grandchild then returns the field immediately. Thus the old woman with great difficulty got up from the bed to eat. But when the parcel in opened the grandmother startled because there are only bones in it. For a long time the baffled grandmother gazed at the parcel, did not realize his tear fell wetted his wrinkled cheek. Indeed the grandmother's fate was poor. The child whom she raised into a respected village chief has forgotten his mother. The grandmother's conscience was very sad, disappointed and angry. She cried, and swore "I who give birth and raised you, till you have the respected position evidently you could not respect your own parents, this mother's milk as the witness my child, for that is swore” her tears continued to fell on her cheek. Not long afterwards the words of this unfortunate grandmother was granted, dark dew began to close the sky, as the day got dark. Lightning and the thunder swarmed continuously. The whole citizen who was celebrating the party began to panic; moreover the rain began to pour down rapidly.

The party was ended instantly; the entire citizen ran looking for a sheltering place. But the rain does not care, the rain continuously poured down for seven day and seven the night, then suddenly a flood happened. Kawar village that located precisely under Sinabung Mountain Foot was sunk. Nothing could be saved. Kawar village then became a lake, which today known as the Lau Kawar Lake

​​​​

independence day

Pakistan Study

 

1. Who is considered the founder of Pakistan?

   a) Allama Iqbal 

   b) Liaquat Ali Khan 

   c) Muhammad Ali Jinnah 

   d) Ayub Khan

 

2. In which year did Pakistan gain independence?

   a) 1947

   b) 1950 

   c) 1965 

   d) 1971

 

3. Which historical event took place on 23rd March 1940?

   a) The formation of All India Muslim League 

   b) The First War of Independence 

   c) The Lahore Resolution

   d) The Partition of Bengal

 

4. What was the name of the first capital of Pakistan?

   a) Karachi 

   b) Islamabad 

   c) Lahore 

   d) Rawalpindi

 

5. Who was the first Governor-General of Pakistan?

   a) Liaquat Ali Khan 

   b) Muhammad Ali Jinnah 

   c) Khawaja Nazimuddin 

   d) Ayub Khan

 

6. Which is the longest river in Pakistan?

   a) Indus 

   b) Jhelum 

   c) Chenab 

   d) Ravi

 

7. What is the highest peak in Pakistan?

   a) Nanga Parbat 

   b) Tirich Mir 

   c) K2 

   d) Rakaposhi

 

8. Which desert is located in the province of Sindh?

   a) Thar 

   b) Cholistan 

   c) Kharan 

   d) Rann of Kutch

 

9. Which is the largest province of Pakistan by area?

   a) Balochistan 

   b) Punjab 

   c) Sindh 

   d) Khyber Pakhtunkhwa

 

10. Which lake is known as the largest man-made lake in Pakistan?

    a) Keenjhar Lake 

    b) Saif-ul-Malook Lake 

    c) Manchar Lake 

    d) Hanna Lake

 

11. Which country was the first to recognize Pakistan after its independence?

    a) Iran 

    b) Saudi Arabia 

    c) Turkey 

    d) Egypt

 

12. Pakistan became a member of the United Nations in which year?

    a) 1947 

    b) 1948 

    c) 1949 

    d) 1950

 

13. Pakistan shares its longest border with which country?

    a) India 

    b) Afghanistan 

    c) China 

    d) Iran

 

14. Pakistan is a member of which regional organization?

    a) ASEAN 

    b) SAARC 

    c) EU 

    d) NAFTA

 

15. In which year did Pakistan become a member of the Commonwealth of Nations?

    a) 1947 

    b) 1956 

    c) 1949 

    d) 1951

 

16. What is the national language of Pakistan?

    a) Punjabi 

    b) Urdu 

    c) Sindhi 

    d) Pashto

 

17. Which script is used to write the Urdu language?

    a) Perso-Arabic 

    b) Devanagari 

    c) Roman 

    d) Cyrillic

 

18. Which of the following is a major regional language spoken in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa?

    a) Sindhi 

    b) Balochi 

    c) Saraiki 

    d) Pashto

 

19. The famous poetry collection "Bang-e-Dra" was written by:

    a) Allama Iqbal 

    b) Faiz Ahmed Faiz 

    c) Mirza Ghalib 

    d) Ahmed Faraz

 

20. Which language is primarily spoken in the province of Punjab?

    a) Punjabi 

    b) Sindhi 

    c) Balochi 

    d) Pashto

 

21. Which is the national dress of Pakistan?

    a) Jeans and T-shirt 

    b) Shalwar Kameez 

    c) Dhoti 

    d) Kurta Pajama

 

22. The traditional festival of Basant is celebrated in which city?

    a) Karachi 

    b) Quetta 

    c) Lahore 

    d) Peshawar

 

23. Which is the famous Sufi shrine located in Lahore?

    a) Data Ganj Bakhsh 

    b) Shah Rukn-e-Alam 

    c) Data Darbar 

    d) Bari Imam

 

24. The famous folk dance "Attan" is associated with which ethnic group?

    a) Punjabi 

    b) Sindhi 

    c) Balochi 

    d) Pashtun

 

25. Which city is known as the cultural capital of Pakistan?

    a) Karachi 

    b) Islamabad 

    c) Lahore 

    d) Peshawar

 

26. The port city of Gwadar is located in which province?

    a) Balochistan 

    b) Sindh  

    c) Punjab 

    d) Khyber Pakhtunkhwa

 

27. The Karakoram Highway connects Pakistan with which country?

    a) Afghanistan 

    b) India 

    c) China 

    d) Iran

 

28. The CPEC (China-Pakistan Economic Corridor) project aims to connect Gwadar with which region of China?

    a) Xinjiang 

    b) Tibet 

    c) Yunnan 

    d) Sichuan

 

29. The Indus Waters Treaty was signed between Pakistan and which country?

    a) China 

    b) Afghanistan 

    c) Iran 

    d) India

 

30. Which Pakistani city is home to the strategic naval base at Ormara?

    a) Gwadar 

    b) Karachi 

    c) Ormara 

    d) Pasni

 

31. Who was the first female Prime Minister of Pakistan?

    a) Benazir Bhutto 

    b) Fatima Jinnah 

    c) Asma Jahangir 

    d) Hina Rabbani Khar

 

32. Allama Iqbal, the national poet of Pakistan, is also known as:

    a) The Poet of the East 

    b) The Voice of the East 

    c) The Spiritual Father of Pakistan 

    d) The Poet of the Nation

 

33. Who was the first President of Pakistan?

    a) Ayub Khan 

    b) Iskander Mirza 

    c) Yahya Khan 

    d) Zulfikar Ali Bhutto

 

34. Which Mughal emperor built the Badshahi Mosque in Lahore?

    a) Akbar 

    b) Jahangir 

    c) Shah Jahan 

    d) Aurangzeb

 

35. Liaquat Ali Khan, the first Prime Minister of Pakistan, was assassinated in which city?

    a) Lahore 

    b) Rawalpindi 

    c) Karachi 

    d) Quetta

 

36. The national animal of Pakistan is:

    a) Lion 

    b) Markhor 

    c) Elephant 

    d) Tiger

 

37. The national flower of Pakistan is:

    a) Rose 

    b) Jasmine 

    c) Chrysanthemum 

    d) Tulip

 

38. The national sport of Pakistan is:

    a) Cricket 

    b) Football 

    c) Field Hockey 

    d) Squash

 

39. The famous K2 mountain is located in which mountain range?

    a) Karakoram 

    b) Himalayas 

    c) Hindu Kush 

    d) Suleiman

 

40. The Faisal Mosque, one of the largest mosques in the world, is located in which city?

    a) Lahore 

    b) Karachi 

    c) Islamabad 

    d) Peshawar

 

41. The famous novel "Bano" was written by which Pakistani author?

    a) Saadat Hasan Manto 

    b) Razia Butt 

    c) Bano Qudsia 

    d) Qudrat Ullah Shahab

 

42. Who is known as the "Father of Urdu Literature"?

    a) Faiz Ahmed Faiz 

    b) Mirza Ghalib 

    c) Ahmed Faraz 

    d) Allama Iqbal

 

43. The literary work "Shikwa" and "Jawab-e-Shikwa" were written by:

    a) Faiz Ahmed Faiz 

    b) Mirza Ghalib 

    c) Allama Iqbal 

    d) Ahmed Faraz

 

44. The famous Urdu poet "Faiz Ahmed Faiz" was awarded which prestigious award?

    a) Nobel Prize 

    b) Lenin Peace Prize 

    c) Booker Prize 

    d) Pulitzer Prize

 

45. The novel "Udaas Naslain" is written by which Pakistani author?

    a) Bano Qudsia 

    b) Abdullah Hussain 

    c) Saadat Hasan Manto 

    d) Ashfaq Ahmed

 

46. The Battle of Panipat in 1526 was fought between:

    a) Akbar and Rana Pratap 

    b) Aurangzeb and Shivaji 

    c) Babur and Ibrahim Lodi 

    d) Humayun and Sher Shah Suri

 

47. The Pakistan Resolution was passed in which city?

    a) Karachi 

    b) Rawalpindi 

    c) Lahore 

    d) Islamabad

 

48. The Simla Agreement was signed between Pakistan and India in which year?

    a) 1965 

    b) 1972 

    c) 1980 

    d) 1990

 

49. The Kargil Conflict between Pakistan and India took place in which year?

    a) 1984 

    b) 1990 

    c) 1999 

    d) 2002

 

50. Pakistan conducted its first nuclear tests in which year?

    a) 1995 

    b) 1998 

    c) 2000 

    d) 2001

Grammar Assessment Types of Sentences

English

  1. I. Join the given simple sentences to form compound or complex sentences.   Use the conjunctions in the parentheses (6 points).

 

  1. 1. The student did not cheat on the exam. It was the wrong thing to do. (for)
  2. ________________________________________________________________________________________
  3. ________________________________________________________________________________________
  4. 2. I don’t like to eat mushrooms. I like them as a pizza topping. (even though
  5. ________________________________________________________________________________________
  6. ________________________________________________________________________________________
  7. 3. I left my house early. I arrived late to school. (yet)
  1. ________________________________________________________________________________________
  2. ________________________________________________________________________________________
  1. 4.  Alice played the piano. Joe played the violin. (while)
  1. ________________________________________________________________________________________
  2. ________________________________________________________________________________________
  1. 5. Mom made lunch. Dad helped with washing the dishes. (and)
  1. ________________________________________________________________________________________
  2. ________________________________________________________________________________________

 

  1. 6. I had to go to the dentist. My back tooth started to hurt. (because)
  1. ________________________________________________________________________________________
  2. ________________________________________________________________________________________

 

  1. II. Correct the mistakes in each of the following sentences. Look for missing conjunctions and punctuation marks. (6 points).

 

  1. 1. He read a book he watched a movie.

     _________________________________________________________

 

  1. 2. The cat chased the mouse but it couldn’t catch it.

     _________________________________________________________

 

  1. 3. Sara wanted to go to the mall her friends wanted to go the movies.

     _________________________________________________________

 

  1. 4. I can play video games because, I finished my homework.

     _________________________________________________________

 

  1. 5. My favorite subject is science and I love conducting experiments.

     _________________________________________________________

 

  1. 6. Although she was tired she kept working on her project.

     _________________________________________________________

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