Sentence Structures

English as a Second Language (ESL)

1. Simple Sentence

A simple sentence contains only one independent clause (a complete thought). It has a subject and a verb, and it expresses a complete idea.

Structure:

Subject + Verb (and sometimes an object or complement)

Examples:

  1. I eat lunch every day.
    (Subject: "I", Verb: "eat")
  2. She studied for the exam.
    (Subject: "She", Verb: "studied")
  3. The dog barked loudly.
    (Subject: "The dog", Verb: "barked")

2. Compound Sentence

A compound sentence consists of two or more independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction (for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so), or by a semicolon.

Structure:

Independent clause + coordinating conjunction + independent clause

Examples:

  1. I wanted to go to the party, but I was too tired.
    (Two independent clauses: "I wanted to go to the party" and "I was too tired," joined by "but")
  2. She likes reading books, and he enjoys playing sports.
    (Two independent clauses: "She likes reading books" and "He enjoys playing sports," joined by "and")
  3. I am studying for my test; I will take a break later.
    (Two independent clauses joined by a semicolon)

3. Complex Sentence

A complex sentence contains one independent clause and at least one dependent clause (a clause that cannot stand alone and does not express a complete thought). Dependent clauses are connected to the independent clause by a subordinating conjunction (because, although, if, when, since, etc.).

Structure:

Independent clause + subordinating conjunction + dependent clause

Examples:

  1. I stayed home because it was raining.
    (Independent clause: "I stayed home" and dependent clause: "because it was raining")
  2. Although she was tired, she finished her homework.
    (Independent clause: "She finished her homework" and dependent clause: "although she was tired")
  3. We will go to the park if it doesn't rain.
    (Independent clause: "We will go to the park" and dependent clause: "if it doesn't rain")

4. Compound-Complex Sentence

A compound-complex sentence is a combination of both a compound sentence and a complex sentence. It contains at least two independent clauses and at least one dependent clause.

Structure:

Independent clause + coordinating conjunction + independent clause + subordinating conjunction + dependent clause

Examples:

  1. I wanted to go to the beach, but it started raining, so we stayed home.
    (Independent clauses: "I wanted to go to the beach" and "it started raining," joined by "but"; dependent clause: "so we stayed home")
  2. Although I studied hard, I didn't pass the test, and I felt disappointed.
    (Independent clauses: "I didn't pass the test" and "I felt disappointed," joined by "and"; dependent clause: "Although I studied hard")
  3. She loves reading books, and she often reads late into the night, because she finds it relaxing.
    (Independent clauses: "She loves reading books" and "She often reads late into the night," joined by "and"; dependent clause: "because she finds it relaxing")

Social Media

English as a Second Language (ESL)

The digital landscape has put increased pressure on teenagers today, and we feel it. There are so many social media channels: Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, Snapchat, Tumblr, you name it. I made a conscious decision to avoid Snapchat and Instagram because of the social pressure I saw them putting on my 14-year-old little sister. If my mum turned off the WiFi at 11pm, my sister would beg me to turn my phone into a hotspot1. She always needed to load her Snapchat stories one more time, or to reply to a message that had come in two minutes ago because she didn’t want her friend to feel ignored. If I refused, saying she could respond in the morning, I’d get the “You’re ruining my social life” speech. Even as a teenager as well, I sometimes find this craze a little baffling.

A new study has found that teenagers who engage with social media during the night could be damaging their sleep and increasing their risk of anxiety and depression. Teenagers spoke about the pressure they felt to make themselves available 24/7 and the resulting anxiety if they did not respond immediately to texts or posts. Teens are so emotionally invested in social media that a fifth of secondary school pupils will wake up at night and log on just to make sure they don’t miss out. Perhaps the worst thing about this is that teenagers need more sleep than adults do, so night-time social media use could be detrimental to their health. A lack of sleep can make teenagers tired, irritable, and depressed.

During the summer holidays, I lost my phone. And for the week that I was phoneless, it felt like a disaster. I love my phone. It gives me quick access to information and allows me to be constantly looped in with my friends, to know exactly what is going on in their lives. So when I didn’t have my phone for a week, I felt a slight sense of FOMO, or if you’re not up to speed with the lingo, fear of missing out. By the end of the week, I’d got used to not having a phone and I’d quite enjoyed the break from social media. But there was still a lingering sense of sadness at the back of my mind that there would be conversations I had missed, messages that had been sent, funny videos shared and night-time chats that I would probably never get to see.

Simple Past Tense Verbs Reg & Irregular

Writing

Write the simple PAST tense of the verbs in parentheses.

 

1. Bianca and her friends ______ (plan) to have a picnic but the weather was bad, and they had to cancel.

2. One of the older ladies __________ (trip) and ______ (fall) because there were many rocks and pebbles on the path.

3. Do you know where my group ____ (go)? I _____ (lose) them in the crowd.

4. Although the dancing squad _________ (practice) for weeks, they did not come in first place in the competition.

5. Every day I put my cell phone away in class. Yesterday, I _______ (leave) it there because I _________ (forget) to take it with me.

6. My best friend and I ______ (argued) yesterday. She _____ (hurt) my feelings because she ____ (say) mean things about me.

7. After we _____ (calm) down and _____ (talk), she ________ (apologize) and we _________ (become) friends again.

8. My Dad _________ (want) to buy something very special for my mother on their anniversary. He ________ (save) money in order to buy it.

9. When he saw the bracelet on sale, he __________ (order) it and ________ (buy) it.

10. The guys _______(be) disappointed that their team did not win the game. They ______ (spend) a lot of money on the tickets and _____ (drive) a long way to get there.

11. You ___________ (visit) your uncle and aunt in Tennessee, didn't you? I ____ (try) to call you, but my calls were not going through.

12. He ______ (tell) you how to build the doghouse and it appears that you ___________ (listen) well because it looks very sturdy.

13. If you ____ (have) another chance to past the test, you should have ______ (study) hard to get a better grade.

14. We ____ (use) all of the supplies at the campsite. When we ____ (run) out of everything, we _____ (have) to go to the store.

15. At the park, we ______ (drink) a lot of water, because it ___ (is) very hot. We also ____ (feed) bread to the ducks at the lake.

16. At the end of the day, I ____ (feel) tired, so I _____ (take) my vitamins and ___ (go) to bed.

Reflexive pronoun

English Grammar

Reflective Pronouns Worksheet for Grade 5

Section 1: Theory and Rules with Example Sentences

Suggested Time: 10 minutes

What Are Reflexive Pronouns?
Reflexive pronouns are pronouns that end in “-self” or “-selves” and are used when the subject and the object of a sentence are the same person or thing. They are used to reflect the action back onto the subject.

Reflexive Pronouns:

  • Singular: myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself
  • Plural: ourselves, yourselves, themselves

When Do We Use Reflexive Pronouns?

  1. When the subject and object are the same:
    • Example: "I taught myself to play the piano."
    • Explanation: The subject "I" is the same person who is the object "myself."
  2. For emphasis (to emphasize that the subject did the action alone):
    • Example: "She cooked the entire meal herself."
    • Explanation: This emphasizes that "she" did the cooking without help.

Common Errors:

  • Incorrect: "Please give it to myself."
  • Correct: "Please give it to me."
  • Incorrect: "Himself went to the store."
  • Correct: "He went to the store by himself."

Section 2: Challenging NAPLAN-Style Questions

Suggested Time: 10 minutes

Instructions: Choose the correct reflexive pronoun to complete each sentence. Pay close attention to context and ensure the pronoun agrees with the subject.

  1. "After making the cake, Julia decorated it ______."

    • a) herself
    • b) himself
    • c) itself
    • d) themselves
  2. "The committee members decided to handle the problem ______."

    • a) themselves
    • b) itself
    • c) ourselves
    • d) himself
  3. "The robot fixed ______ after the malfunction."

    • a) himself
    • b) itself
    • c) themselves
    • d) ourselves
  4. "You must learn to rely on ______ if you want to be independent."

    • a) myself
    • b) yourselves
    • c) himself
    • d) yourself
  5. "The magician performed all the tricks ______, without any help."

    • a) itself
    • b) themselves
    • c) himself
    • d) herself

Short Answer Section: Instructions: Fill in the blank with the correct reflexive pronoun.

  1. "The cat saw ______ in the mirror and jumped back."
  2. "I taught ______ how to play the guitar by watching videos online."
  3. "The children built the treehouse all by ______."
  4. "During the test, remember to pace ______."
  5. "We enjoyed ______ at the amusement park yesterday."

Section 3: Writing Task to Practice Errors

Suggested Time: 15 minutes

Instructions: Write a short paragraph (4-5 sentences) about a time when you learned to do something by yourself. Use at least two reflexive pronouns in your paragraph.

Example Prompt: "Write about a time you learned a new skill or completed a task by yourself, such as riding a bike, cooking, or doing a school project. Describe what you did and how you felt."

Example Response: "I remember when I learned to bake cookies by myself. I followed the recipe carefully and didn’t ask for any help. I felt proud of myself when the cookies came out delicious. It was fun to bake all by myself!"

REVIEW G6-U3

Grammar - English Language

EX1: Viết các câu sau ở thể khẳng định (+), thể phủ định (-), thể nghi vấn (?) ở thì quá khứ đơn.

1.         (+) They decided to leave soon.

(-) They didn't decide to leave soon.

(?) Did they decide to leave soon?

2.         (+) ________________________________________________________________.

(-) There were not many homeless people here ten years ago.

(?) ________________________________________________________________?

3.         (+) ________________________________________________________________.

(-) _________________________________________________________________.

(?) Did Tom’s grandfather use to be a soldier?

4.         (+) My teacher started teaching here 6 years ago.

(-)_________________________________________________________________.

(?) _________________________________________________________________?

5.         (+) Jane often went to school on foot 3 years ago.

(-) _________________________________________________________________.

(?) _________________________________________________________________?

6.         (+) _________________________________________________________________.

(-) The cat didn’t want to eat yesterday.

(?) _________________________________________________________________?

7.         (+) _________________________________________________________________.

(-) __________________________________________________________________.

(?) Did the train arrive late yesterday?

8.         (+) _________________________________________________________________.

(-) There wasn’t anything left in the fridge.

(?) _________________________________________________________________?

EX2. Chia các động từ trong ngoặc ở thì quá khứ đơn.

  1. Picasso __________ (be)born in 1881.
  2. You _______(be) my inspiration when I was a boy.
  3. Neil Armstrong (be)__________ the first person to walk on the moon.
  4. Last night, I (be)___________ sick.
  5.  Last week, my mother (take) _____________ me to the zoo.
  6. Yesterday, she (be)___________ at home yesterday.
  7. Lorena and I (be)_________ in the same class when we were in secondary school.
  8. When we (arrive) _____________ at the party, there (not be) _____________ many people there.
  9. My mother (say) _____________ that she (buy) _____________ me a new dress.
  10. Last summer, my father (teach) _____________ me to drive.
  11. I (start) _____________ doing charity when I (be) _____________ a first year student.
  12. Many rich people (donate) _____________ money for this volunteer program.
  13. My friend (ring) _____________ me yesterday and (invite) _____________ me to his party.
  14. What (you/ watch) _____________ on TV last night?
  15. When my father (be) _____________ young, he (use to) ______ be the most handsome boy in the village.
  16.  _____________ (you/ go) to see the concert yesterday?
  17. My performance (not be) _____________ really good. I (not feel) _____________ happy about it
  18. Jim (spend) _____________ the whole day taking after his brother
  19. I (write) _____________ a letter to my foreign friend but he (not write) _____________ back.
  20.  _____________ (they/ be) students of our school?

EX3. Viết các câu sau ở thể khẳng định (+), thể phủ định (-), thể nghi vấn (?) ở thì hiện tại hoàn thành.

1.         (+) I have finished my homework.

(-) ________________________________________________________________.

(?) ________________________________________________________________?

2.         (+) ________________________________________________________________.

(-) My uncle hasn’t been to Singapore before.

(?) ________________________________________________________________?

3.         (+) ________________________________________________________________.

(-) ________________________________________________________________.

(?) Have they found their keys?

4.         (+) Jim has just played video games with his brother.

(-) ________________________________________________________________.

(?) ________________________________________________________________?

5.         (+) ________________________________________________________________.

(-) My grandmother hasn’t visited me since November.

(?) ________________________________________________________________?

6.         (+) ________________________________________________________________.

(-) ________________________________________________________________.

(?) Has your sister studied Medicine for 2 years?

7.         (+) It has been long since our last encounter.

(-) ________________________________________________________________.

(?) ________________________________________________________________?

8.         (+) ________________________________________________________________.

(-) We haven’t graduated yet.

(?) ________________________________________________________________?

EX4. Điền “for” hoặc “since” vào chỗ trống sao cho thích hợp.

1. I (learn)________ Japanese for 3 months.

2. May (work)_________ for a non-profit organization since he graduated.

3. Kim (unemploy)  _________ for half a year.

4. I miss my friend. I (see)________ her for  months.

5. We (live)_______ in the dorm since our first year at university.

6. Jim and Jane (know)_____each other for quite a long time.

7. The baby’s hungry. He (not eat) __________anything since the morning.

8. (you/use)________ this laptop for 4 years?

9. They(be)_________ close friends since they started college.

10. My grandmother (be)________ a vegetarian for several years.

 

 

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