Practice 1. Read each of the elements of the interaction. For each excerpt, identify the type of language shift being used and select the corresponding code: T, F, T = F, F = T, T + F, or F + T.

Here is a brief reminder of the language-shift codes used in our analysis of translingual classroom interaction:

T → maintains the exchange in the target language

F → maintains the exchange in the first language

T = F → translation from target language to first language

F = T → translation from first language to target language

T + F → language shift from target language to first language without translation

F + T → language shift from first language to target language without translation